Micius Laboratory was approved for establishment by the Henan Provincial Government on 25 June 2023 and was formally registered as a Category II Public Institution on 26 July in the same year. The Laboratory is headquartered in Zhongyuan Science and Technology City. Professor Hongxing Xu, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and President of the Henan Academy of Sciences, was appointed as its Director.

The Laboratory is oriented towards the major strategic needs of the nation and is dedicated to building a high-level platform of the full industrial chains of photonic and optoelectronic chips, promoting the interdisciplinary integration of micro- and nano-electronics, materials, physics, chemistry and other fields. Supported by gathering and cultivating of high-level talents, based on the fundamental researches, guided by industrial innovation needs, and centred on R & D of technological products, the Laboratory focuses on achieving secure, autonomous, and controllable developments of key semiconductor chips in strategic emerging fields, and works to advance Henan into a strong province in photonic and optoelectronic science, technology and industry, becoming a national strategic scientific and technological force with deep integration of industry, academia, research and application.

The Laboratory is committed to aligning with National Laboratories and National Key Laboratories, with the aim of establishing a research system centred on high-end chips and their applications in computing power, encompassing the Research Centre for Narrow Bandgap Semiconductors, the Research Centre for Wide and Ultra-Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, the Research Centre for Future Electronics and Integrated Circuits, the Research Centre for Manufacturing Electronic Design Automation, the Research Centre for Advanced Semiconductor Equipment, the Research Centre for Superconducting Quantum Chips and Quantum Cloud Computing, and the  Engineering Centre for High-Performance Storage.